XCreateGC(), XCopyGC(), XChangeGC(), XGetGCValues(), XFreeGC(), XGContextFromGC(), XGCValues() - create or free graphics contexts and graphics context structure
GC XCreateGC (Display *display, Drawable d,
unsigned long valuemask, XGCValues * values)
XCopyGC (Display *display, GC src, GC dest,
unsigned long valuemask)
XChangeGC (Display *display, GC gc, unsigned long valuemask,
XGCValues * values)
Status XGetGCValues (Display *display, GC gc,
unsigned long valuemask,
XGCValues *values_return)
XFreeGC (Display *display, GC gc)
GContext XGContextFromGC (GC gc)
The XCreateGC(3) function creates a graphics context and returns a GC. The GC can be used with any destination drawable having the same root and depth as the specified drawable. Use with other drawables results in a BadMatch error.
XCreateGC(3) can generate BadAlloc, BadDrawable, BadFont, BadMatch, BadPixmap, and BadValue errors.
The XCopyGC(3) function copies the specified components from the source GC to the destination GC. The source and destination GCs must have the same root and depth, or a BadMatch error results. The valuemask specifies which component to copy, as for XCreateGC(3).
XCopyGC(3) can generate BadAlloc, BadGC, and BadMatch errors.
The XChangeGC(3) function changes the components specified by valuemask for the specified GC. The values argument contains the values to be set. The values and restrictions are the same as for XCreateGC(3). Changing the clip-mask overrides any previous XSetClipRectangles request on the context. Changing the dash-offset or dash-list overrides any previous XSetDashes request on the context. The order in which components are verified and altered is server-dependent. If an error is generated, a subset of the components may have been altered.
XChangeGC(3) can generate BadAlloc, BadFont, BadGC, BadMatch, BadPixmap, and BadValue errors.
The XGetGCValues(3) function returns the components specified by valuemask for the specified GC. If the valuemask contains a valid set of GC mask bits (GCFunction, GCPlaneMask, GCForeground, GCBackground, GCLineWidth, GCLineStyle, GCCapStyle, GCJoinStyle, GCFillStyle, GCFillRule, GCTile, GCStipple, GCTileStipXOrigin, GCTileStipYOrigin, GCFont, GCSubwindowMode, GCGraphicsExposures, GCClipXOrigin, GCCLipYOrigin, GCDashOffset, or GCArcMode) and no error occur, XGetGCValues(3) sets the requested components in values_return and returns a nonzero status. Otherwise, it returns a zero status. Note that the clip-mask and dash-list (represented by the GCClipMask and GCDashList bits, respectively, in the valuemask) cannot be requested. Also note that an invalid resource ID (with one or more of the three most-significant bits set to one) will be returned for GCFont, GCTile, and GCStipple if the component has never been explicitly set by the client.
The XFreeGC(3) function destroys the specified GC as well as all the associated storage.
XFreeGC(3) can generate a BadGC error.
The XGCValues structure contains:
GC attribute value mask bits
Values
typedef struct {
int function; logical operation
unsigned long plane_mask;plane mask
unsigned long foreground;foreground pixel
unsigned long background;background pixel
int line_width; line width (in pixels)
int line_style; LineSolid, LineOnOffDash, LineDoubleDash
int cap_style; CapNotLast, CapButt, CapRound, CapProjecting
int join_style; JoinMiter, JoinRound, JoinBevel
int fill_style; FillSolid, FillTiled, FillStippled FillOpaqueStippled
int fill_rule; EvenOddRule, WindingRule
int arc_mode; ArcChord, ArcPieSlice
Pixmap tile; tile pixmap for tiling operations
Pixmap stipple; stipple 1 plane pixmap for stippling
int ts_x_origin; offset for tile or stipple operations
int ts_y_origin;
Font font; default text font for text operations
int subwindow_mode; ClipByChildren, IncludeInferiors
Bool graphics_exposures; boolean, should exposures be generated
int clip_x_origin; origin for clipping
int clip_y_origin;
Pixmap clip_mask; bitmap clipping; other calls for rects
int dash_offset; patterned/dashed line information
char dashes;
} XGCValues;
The function attributes of a GC are used when you update a section of a drawable (the destination) with bits from somewhere else (the source). The function in a GC defines how the new destination bits are to be computed from the source bits and the old destination bits. GXcopy is typically the most useful because it will work on a color display, but special applications may use other functions, particularly in concert with particular planes of a color display. The 16 GC functions, defined in <X11/X.h>, are:
Many graphics operations depend on either pixel values or planes in a GC. The planes attribute is of type long, and it specifies which planes of the destination are to be modified, one bit per plane. A monochrome display has only one plane and will be the least-significant bit of the word. As planes are added to the display hardware, they will occupy more significant bits in the plane mask.
In graphics operations, given a source and destination pixel, the result is computed bitwise on corresponding bits of the pixels. That is, a Boolean operation is performed in each bit plane. The plane_mask restricts the operation to a subset of planes. A macro constant AllPlanes can be used to refer to all planes of the screen simultaneously. The result is computed by the following:
((src FUNC dst) AND plane-mask) OR (dst AND (NOT plane-mask))
Range checking is not performed on the values for foreground, background, or plane_mask. They are simply truncated to the appropriate number of bits. The line-width is measured in pixels and either can be greater than or equal to one (wide line) or can be the special value zero (thin line).
Wide lines are drawn centered on the path described by the graphics request. Unless otherwise specified by the join-style or cap-style, the bounding box of a wide line with endpoints [x1, y1], [x2, y2] and width w is a rectangle with vertices at the following real coordinates:
[x1-(w*sn/2), y1+(w*cs/2)], [x1+(w*sn/2), y1-(w*cs/2)],
[x2-(w*sn/2), y2+(w*cs/2)], [x2+(w*sn/2), y2-(w*cs/2)]
Here sn is the sine of the angle of the line, and cs is the cosine of the angle of the line. A pixel is part of the line and so is drawn if the center of the pixel is fully inside the bounding box (which is viewed as having infinitely thin edges). If the center of the pixel is exactly on the bounding box, it is part of the line if and only if the interior is immediately to its right (x increasing direction). Pixels with centers on a horizontal edge are a special case and are part of the line if and only if the interior or the boundary is immediately below (y increasing direction) and the interior or the boundary is immediately to the right (x increasing direction).
Thin lines (zero line-width) are one-pixel-wide lines drawn using an unspecified, device-dependent algorithm. There are only two constraints on this algorithm.
A wide line drawn from [x1,y1] to [x2,y2] always draws the same pixels as a wide line drawn from [x2,y2] to [x1,y1], not counting cap-style and join-style. It is recommended that this property be true for thin lines, but this is not required. A line-width of zero may differ from a line-width of one in which pixels are drawn. This permits the use of many manufacturers' line drawing hardware, which may run many times faster than the more precisely specified wide lines.
In general, drawing a thin line will be faster than drawing a wide line of width one. However, because of their different drawing algorithms, thin lines may not mix well aesthetically with wide lines. If it is desirable to obtain precise and uniform results across all displays, a client should always use a line-width of one rather than a line-width of zero.
The line-style defines which sections of a line are drawn:
The cap-style defines how the endpoints of a path are drawn:
The join-style defines how corners are drawn for wide lines:
For a line with coincident endpoints (x1=x2, y1=y2), when the cap-style is applied to both endpoints, the semantics depends on the line-width and the cap-style:
For a line with coincident endpoints (x1=x2, y1=y2), when the join-style is applied at one or both endpoints, the effect is as if the line was removed from the overall path. However, if the total path consists of or is reduced to a single point joined with itself, the effect is the same as when the cap-style is applied at both endpoints.
The tile/stipple represents an infinite 2D plane, with the tile/stipple replicated in all dimensions. When that plane is superimposed on the drawable for use in a graphics operation, the upper left corner of some instance of the tile/stipple is at the coordinates within the drawable specified by the tile/stipple origin. The tile/stipple and clip origins are interpreted relative to the origin of whatever destination drawable is specified in a graphics request. The tile pixmap must have the same root and depth as the GC, or a BadMatch error results. The stipple pixmap must have depth one and must have the same root as the GC, or a BadMatch error results. For stipple operations where the fill-style is FillStippled but not FillOpaqueStippled , the stipple pattern is tiled in a single plane and acts as an additional clip mask to be ANDed with the clip-mask. Although some sizes may be faster to use than others, any size pixmap can be used for tiling or stippling.
The fill-style defines the contents of the source for line, text, and fill requests. For all text and fill requests (for example, XDrawText, XDrawText16, XFillRectangle, XFillPolygon, and XFillArc); for line requests with line-style LineSolid (for example, XDrawLine, XDrawSegments, XDrawRectangle, XDrawArc); and for the even dashes for line requests with line-style LineOnOffDash or LineDoubleDash , the following apply:
When drawing lines with line-style LineDoubleDash, the odd dashes are controlled by the fill-style in the following manner:
Storing a pixmap in a GC might or might not result in a copy being made. If the pixmap is later used as the destination for a graphics request, the change might or might not be reflected in the GC. If the pixmap is used simultaneously in a graphics request both as a destination and as a tile or stipple, the results are undefined.
For optimum performance, you should draw as much as possible with the same GC (without changing its components). The costs of changing GC components relative to using different GCs depend upon the display hardware and the server implementation. It is quite likely that some amount of GC information will be cached in display hardware and that such hardware can only cache a small number of GCs.
The dashes value is actually a simplified form of the more general patterns that can be set with XSetDashes . Specifying a value of N is equivalent to specifying the two-element list [N, N] in XSetDashes . The value must be nonzero, or a BadValue error results.
The clip-mask restricts writes to the destination drawable. If the clip-mask is set to a pixmap, it must have depth one and have the same root as the GC, or a BadMatch error results. If clip-mask is set to None, the pixels are always drawn regardless of the clip origin. The clip-mask also can be set by calling the XSetClipRectangles(3) or XSetRegion(3) functions. Only pixels where the clip-mask has a bit set to 1 are drawn. Pixels are not drawn outside the area covered by the clip-mask or where the clip-mask has a bit set to 0. The clip-mask affects all graphics requests. The clip-mask does not clip sources. The clip-mask origin is interpreted relative to the origin of whatever destination drawable is specified in a graphics request.
You can set the subwindow-mode to ClipByChildren or IncludeInferiors. For ClipByChildren, both source and destination windows are additionally clipped by all viewable InputOutput children. For IncludeInferiors, neither source nor destination window is clipped by inferiors. This will result in including subwindow contents in the source and drawing through subwindow boundaries of the destination. The use of IncludeInferiors on a window of one depth with mapped inferiors of differing depth is not illegal, but the semantics are undefined by the core protocol.
The fill-rule defines what pixels are inside (drawn) for paths given in XFillPolygon(3) requests and can be set to EvenOddRule or WindingRule. For EvenOddRule, a point is inside if an infinite ray with the point as origin crosses the path an odd number of times. For WindingRule, a point is inside if an infinite ray with the point as origin crosses an unequal number of clockwise and counterclockwise directed path segments. A clockwise directed path segment is one that crosses the ray from left to right as observed from the point. A counterclockwise segment is one that crosses the ray from right to left as observed from the point. The case where a directed line segment is coincident with the ray is uninteresting because you can simply choose a different ray that is not coincident with a segment.
For both EvenOddRule and WindingRule, a point is infinitely small, and the path is an infinitely thin line. A pixel is inside if the center point of the pixel is inside and the center point is not on the boundary. If the center point is on the boundary, the pixel is inside if and only if the polygon interior is immediately to its right (x increasing direction). Pixels with centers on a horizontal edge are a special case and are inside if and only if the polygon interior is immediately below (y increasing direction).
The arc-mode controls filling in the XFillArcs(3) function and can be set to ArcPieSlice or ArcChord. For ArcPieSlice, the arcs are pie-slice filled. For ArcChord, the arcs are chord filled.
The graphics-exposure flag controls GraphicsExpose event generation for XCopyArea(3) and XCopyPlane(3) requests (and any similar requests defined by extensions).
XDrawArc()
XSetFont()
XSetTile()
Xlib