ftp

NAME

ftp - ARPANET file transfer program

SYNOPSIS

ftp [-dginv] [host [port]]

DESCRIPTION

The ftp(1) utility is the user interface to the ARPANET standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site, specified by host. If the optional port is also specified, the is assumed to be on the specified port instead of the default. (Because most systems use the default, you should avoid using an additional port unless specifically instructed to do so.)

OPTIONS

Options can be specified at the command line, or to the command interpreter.

-d
Enables debugging.
-g
Disables file-name globbing.
-i
Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers.
-n
Restrains ftp(1) from attempting auto-login upon initial connection. If auto-login is enabled, ftp(1) will check the .netrc (see below) file in the user's home directory for an entry describing an account on the remote computer. If no entry exists, ftp(1) will prompt for the remote computer login name (default is the user identity on the local computer), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an account with which to login.
-v
Verbose option forces ftp(1) to show all responses from the remote server, as well as report on data transfer statistics.

The client host with which ftp(1) is to communicate can be specified on the command line. If this is done, ftp(1) will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, ftp(1) will enter its command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When ftp(1) is awaiting commands, the prompt:

ftp>
is provided to the user. The following commands are recognized by ftp(1):
! [ command [args]]
Invoke an interactive shell on the local computer. If there are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments.
$ macro-name [args]
Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed.
account [passwd]
Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode.
append local-file [remote-file]
Append a local file to a file on the remote computer. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used in naming the remote file after being altered by any ntrans or nmap setting. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure.
ascii
Set the file transfer type to network ASCII. This is the default type.
bell
Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer command is completed.
binary
Set the file transfer type to support binary image transfer.
bye
Terminate the session with the remote server and exit ftp(1). An end of file will also terminate the session and exit.
case
Toggle remote-computer file-name case mapping during mget commands. When case is on (default is off), remote-computer file names with all letters in uppercase are written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lowercase.
cd remote-directory
Change the working directory on the remote computer to remote-directory.
cdup
Change the remote-computer working directory to the parent of the current remote-computer working directory.
chmod mode file-name
Change the permission modes of the file file-name on the remote system to mode.
close
Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased.
cr
Toggle carriage return stripping during ASCII-type file retrieval. Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed sequence during ASCII-type file transfer. When cr is on (the default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to conform with the POSIX single linefeed record delimiter. Records on non-POSIX remote systems can contain single linefeeds; when an ASCII-type transfer is made, these linefeeds can be distinguished from a record delimiter only when cr is off.
delete remote-file
Delete the file remote-file on the remote computer.
debug [debug-value]
Toggle debugging mode. If an optional debug-value is specified, it is used to set the debugging level. When debugging is on, ftp(1) prints each command sent to the remote computer, preceded by the string -->
dir [remote-directory [local-file]]
Print a listing of the directory contents in the directory, remote-directory, and, optionally, placing the output in local-file. If interactive prompting is on, ftp(1) prompts the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving dir output. If no directory is specified, the current working directory on the remote computer is used. If no local file is specified, or local-file is -, output comes to the terminal.
disconnect
A synonym for close.
form format
Set the file transfer form to format. The default format is file.
get remote-file [local-file]
Retrieve the remote-file and store it on the local computer. If the local file name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote computer, subject to alteration by the current case, ntrans, and nmap settings. The current settings for type, form, mode, and structure are used while transferring the file.
glob
Toggle file-name expansion for mdelete, mget, and mput. If globbing is turned off with glob, the file-name arguments are taken literally and not expanded. Globbing for mput is done as in csh(1). For mdelete and mget, each remote file name is expanded separately on the remote computer, and the lists are not merged. Expansion of a directory name is likely to be different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server, and can be previewed by using the following:
mls remote-files -
Note: mget and mput are not meant to transfer entire directory subtrees of files. That can be done by transferring a tar(1) archive of the subtree (in binary mode).
hash
Toggle hash-sign ("#") printing for each data block transferred. The size of a data block is 1024 bytes.
hashn
Like hash, turns on the printing of information for each data block transferred. Unlike hash, hashn updates a numeric display of the number of bytes, which is more readable for large transfers. Both hash and hashn interact. The hashn setting controls whether the output is # characters or numbers. Turning hashn on and off also turns hash on and off; turning hash off turns off hashn. Turning hash on never turns on hashn.
help [command]
Print an informative message about the meaning of command. If no argument is given, ftp(1) prints a list of the known commands.
idle [seconds]
Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to seconds seconds. If seconds is omitted, the current inactivity timer is printed.
lcd [directory]
Change the working directory on the local computer. If no directory is specified, the user's home directory is used.
ls [remote-directory [local-file]]
Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote computer. The listing includes any system-dependent information that the server chooses to include; for example, most systems with an ls(1) command will use output from the command ls -l (See also nlist.) If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, ftp(1) will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving ls output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output is sent to the terminal.
macdefmacro-name
Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro macro-name; a null line (consecutive newline characters in a file or carriage returns from the terminal) terminates macro input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined until a close command is executed. The macro processor interprets '$' and '\' as special characters. A '$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument on the macro-invocation command line. A '$' followed by an 'i' signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass, '$i' is replaced by the first argument on the macro-invocation command line; on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on. A '\' followed by any character is replaced by that character. Use the '\' to prevent special treatment of the '$'.
mdelete [remote-files]
Delete the remote-files on the remote computer.
mdir remote-files local-file
Like dir, except multiple remote files can be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp(1) will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mdir output.
mget remote-files
Expand the remote-files on the remote computer and do a get for each file name thus produced. See glob for details on the file-name expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings. Files are transferred into the local working directory, which can be changed with lcd directory new local directories can be created with ! mkdir directory
mkdir directory-name
Make a directory on the remote computer.
mls remote-files local-file
Like nlist, except multiple remote files may be specified, and the local-file must be specified. If interactive prompting is on, ftp(1) will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mls output.
mode [mode-name]
Set the file-transfer mode to mode-name. The default mode is stream mode.
modtime file-name
Show the last modification time of the file on the remote computer.
mput local-files
Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do a put for each file in the resulting list. See glob for details of file-name expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings.
newer file-name
Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more recent that the file on the current system. If the file does not exist on the current system, the remote file is considered newer. Otherwise, this command is identical to get.
nlist [remote-directory] [local-file]
Print a list of the files in a directory on the remote computer. If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If the system has an ls(1) command, that output will probably be used for the nlist command. If interactive prompting is on, ftp(1) will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving nlist output. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output is sent to the terminal.
nmap [inpattern outpattern]
Set or unset the file-name mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the file-name mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote file names are mapped during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target file name. If arguments are specified, local file names are mapped during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target file name. This command is useful when connecting to a computer with different file-naming conventions or practices. The mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern and outpattern. Inpattern is a template for incoming file names (that might have already been processed according to the ntrans and case settings). Variable templating is accomplished by including the sequences '$1', '$2', ..., '$9' in inpattern. Use '\' to prevent this special treatment of the '$' character. All other characters are treated literally, and are used to determine the nmap [inpattern variable values. For example, given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data", $1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value "data". The outpattern determines the resulting mapped file name. The sequences '$1', '$2', ...., '$9' are replaced by any value resulting from the inpattern template. The sequence '$0' is replace by the original file name. Additionally, the sequence [seq1, seq2] is replaced by [seq1] if seq1 is not a null string; otherwise, it is replaced by seq2. For example, the command:
nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file]

yields the output file name "myfile.data" for input file names "myfile.data" and "myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input file name "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for the input file name ".myfile". Spaces may be included in outpattern, as in the example: 'nmap $1 sed "s/ *$//" > $1'. Use the '\' character to prevent special treatment of the '$','[','[', and ',' characters.

ntrans [inchars [outchars]]
Set or unset the file-name character translation mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the file-name character translation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, characters in remote file names are translated during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target file name. If arguments are specified, characters in local file names are translated during mget commands and get commands issued without a specified local target file name. This command is useful when connecting to a computer with different file naming conventions or practices. Characters in a file-name matching a character in inchars are replaced with the corresponding character in outchars. If the character's position in inchars is longer than the length of outchars, the character is deleted from the file name.
open host [port]
Establish a connection to the FTP server of the specified host. An optional port number ca n be supplied, in which case, ftp(1) will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the auto-login option is on (default), ftp(1) will also attempt to automatically log the user in to the server (see below).
prompt
Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selectively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off (default is on), any mget or mput will transfer all files, and any mdelete will delete all files.
proxy ftp-command
Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connection. This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote ftp servers for transferring files between the two servers. The first proxy command should be an open, to establish the secondary control connection. Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other ftp commands executable on the secondary connection. The following commands behave differently when prefaced by proxy:

Third-party file transfers depend upon support of the ftp protocol PASV command by the server on the secondary control connection.

putlocal-file[remote-file]
Store a local file on the remote computer. If remote-file is left unspecified, the local file name is used after processing according to any ntrans or nmap settings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for type, format, mode, and structure.
pwd
Print the name of the current working directory on the remote computer.
quit
A synonym for bye.
quote arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server.
recv remote-file [local-file]
A synonym for get.
reget remote-file [local-file]
reget acts like get, except that if local-file exists and is smaller than remote-file, local-file is presumed to be a partially transferred copy of remote-file and the transfer is continued from the apparent point of failure. This command is useful when transferring very large files over networks that are prone to dropping connections.
remotehelp [command-name]
Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name is specified, it is supplied to the server as well.
remotestatus [file-name]
With no arguments, show status of remote computer. If file-name is specified, show status of file-name on remote computer.
rename [from] [to]
Rename the file from on the remote computer, to the file to.
reset
Clear reply queue. This command resynchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote ftp server. Resynchronization might be necessary following a violation of the ftp protocol by the remote server.
restart marker
Restart the immediately following get or put at the indicated marker. The marker is usually a byte offset into the file.
rmdir directory-name
Delete a directory on the remote computer.
runique
Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique file names. If a file already exists with a name equal to the target local file name for a get or mget command, a ".1" is appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a ".2" is appended to the original name. If this process continues up to ".99", an error message is printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique file name will be reported. Note that runique will not affect local files generated from a shell command (see below). The default value is off.
send local-file [remote-file]
A synonym for put.
sendport
Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp(1) will attempt to use a PORT command when establishing a connection for each data transfer. The use of PORT commands can prevent delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, ftp(1) will use the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for certain FTP implementations that ignore PORT commands but incorrectly indicate they have been accepted.
site arg1 arg2 ...
The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server as a SITE command.
size file-name
Return size of file-name on remote computer.
status
Show the current status of ftp(1).
struct [struct-name]
Set the file transfer structure to struct-name. By default, stream structure is used.
sunique
Toggle the storing of files on remote computer under unique file names. The remote ftp server must support the ftp protocol STOU command for successful completion. The remote server will report unique name. Default value is off.
system
Show the type of operating system running on the remote computer.
tenex
Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX computers.
trace
Toggle packet tracing.
type [type-name]
Set the file transfer type to type-name. If no type is specified, the current type is printed. The default type is network ASCII.
umask [newmask]
Set the default umask on the remote server to newmask. If newmask is omitted, the current umask is printed.
user user-name [password] [ account]
Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password is not specified, and the server requires it, ftp(1) will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an account field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted for it. If an account field is specified, an account command will be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for logging in. Unless ftp(1) is invoked with auto-login disabled, this process is done automatically on initial connection to the FTP server.
verbose
Toggle verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP server are displayed to the user. In addition, if verbose is on, when a file transfer completes, statistics regarding the efficiency of the transfer are reported. By default, verbose is on.
? [command]
A synonym for help.

Command arguments that have embedded spaces can be quoted with quote '"' marks.

ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER

To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually CTRL+C). Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending an ftp protocol ABOR command to the remote server, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR processing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR command, an ftp> prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the requested file.

The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when ftp(1) has completed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server. A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including violations of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unexpected remote server behavior, the local ftp(1) program must be killed by hand.

FILE-NAMING CONVENTIONS

Files specified as arguments to ftp(1) commands are processed according to the following rules.

  1. If the file name '-' is specified, the stdin (for reading) or stdout (for writing) is used.
  2. If the first character of the file name is '|', the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. The ftp(1) utility then forks a shell, using popen(3) with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from the stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argument must be quoted (for example, ls -lt). A particularly useful example of this mechanism is:
    dir . |more
    
  3. Failing the above checks, if "globbing" is enabled, local file names are expanded according to the rules used in the csh(1); c.f. the glob command. If the ftp(1) command expects a single local file (such as put), only the first file name generated by the "globbing" operation is used.
  4. For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file names, the local file name is the remote file name, which can be altered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting file name can then be altered if runique is on.
  5. For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote file name is the local file name, which can be altered by a ntrans or nmap setting. The resulting file name can then be altered by the remote server if sunique is on.

FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS

The FTP specification specifies many parameters that can affect a file transfer. The type can be ascii, image (binary), ebcdic, or local byte size (primarily for PDP-10s and PDP20s). The ftp(1) utility supports the ascii and image types of file transfer, plus local byte size 8 for tenex-mode transfers.

The ftp(1) sutility upports only the default values for the remaining file transfer parameters: mode, form, and struct.

THE .netrc FILE

The .netrc file contains login and initialization information used by the auto-login process. It resides in the user's home directory. The following tokens are recognized; they can be separated by spaces, tabs, or newlines:

machine name
Identify a remote computer name. The auto-login process searches the .netrc file for a machine token that matches the remote machine specified on the ftp(1) command line or as an open command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .netrc tokens are processed, stopping when the end of file is reached or another machine or a default token is encountered.
default
This is the same as machine name except that default matches any name. There can be only one default token, and it must be after all machine tokens. This is normally used as:
default login anonymous password user@site

thereby giving the user automatic anonymous ftp login to machines not specified in .netrc. This can be overridden by using the -n flag to disable auto-login.

login name
Identify a user on the remote computer. If this token is present, the auto-login process will initiate a login using the specified name.
password string
Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. Note that if this token is present in the .netrc file for any user other than anonymous, ftp(1) will abort the auto-login process if the .netrc is readable by anyone besides the user.
account string
Supply an additional account password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires an additional account password, or the auto-login process will initiate an ACCT command if it does not.
macdef name
Define a macro. This token functions like the ftp(1) macdef command functions. A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next .netrc line and continue until a null line (consecutive newline characters) is encountered. If a macro named init is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The ftp(1) utility uses the following environment variables:

HOME
For default location of a .netrc file, if one exists.
SHELL
For default shell.

BUGS

Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server.

An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the BSD 4.2 ascii-mode transfer code. has been corrected. This can result in incorrect transfers of binary files to and from BSD 4.2 servers using the ascii type. You can circumvent this problem by using the binary image type.